康德有一句名言，可以简略理解为人是目的本身，而不是实现目的的手段：“Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means, but always at the same time as an end”.

如何把人当作ends而非means来对待呢(Treating Persons as Ends In Themselves)? To treat someone as an end in him or herself requires in the first place that one not use him or her as mere means, that one respect each as a rational person with his or her own maxims.

Means和ends这个词在我生命里最早出现在晓力课上教的联邦党人文集里。我觉得如果在人是means还是ends这个问题没有共识，大可不必与我讨论其他的任何社会议题。